Ames National Laboratory
Materials and process scale-up, electrode synthesis, and electrochemical processing
with strong crosscutting infrastructure.
Capabilities
Flow Battery
- Materials and process scale-up for flow battery components.
- Cathode and anode synthesis.
- Cell and component manufacturing.
Crosscutting
- Materials and process scale-up for energy storage materials.
- Electrode synthesis and cell/component manufacturing.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- DC and pulsed power supplies, potentiostats, electrochemical workstations.
- Electrochemical surface finishing (electroplating/electropolishing).
- Acoustic mixers; mills for slurry and powder preparation.
- Heat-element, environmental, and microwave furnaces.
- Particle size and surface area analyzers; NMR; electron microscopes.
- Solar simulators and concentrated light sources.
- High-purity alloy and powder synthesis/processing tools.
Facilities
- Electrochemical working stations and materials synthesis labs.
- Sensitive Instrument Facility (SIF).
- NMR laboratory.
Argonne National Laboratory
Broad solid-state and flow battery development, from synthesis and roll-to-roll
processing to multi-scale modeling and analysis.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- SSE and cathode material synthesis and scale-up (oxides, sulfides, halides, polymers/composites).
- SSE membranes and interface layers; cathode laminate processing (including roll-to-roll).
- Cell prototyping with Li metal, hybrid, and all-solid-state architectures.
- Electrochemical, analytical, structural, and compositional characterization (ex situ, in situ, operando).
Flow Battery
- Large-volume synthesis of redox-active molecules.
- Membrane manufacturing and functional coatings (roll-to-roll).
- Compositional, morphological, degradation, and mechanical analysis.
Crosscutting
- Technoeconomic analysis (BatPaC), life-cycle analysis (GREET), recycling (EverBatt/EverGrid).
- Supply chain and process modeling (GcMat, IMPACT).
- Synthesis modeling (co-precipitation, sintering, densification).
- Performance modeling linking composition/morphology to life.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Flame spray pyrolysis, dry and solution synthesis for SSEs.
- Co-precipitation reactors, milling (planetary, roller, cryo, jet bead).
- Wet deposition, slot-die, rotary screen and flexographic roll-to-roll coaters.
- Electrodeposition of Li metal; electrospinning and electro-spraying systems.
- Roll-to-roll drying (UV/IR/photonic) and advanced powder coatings (ALD/MLD).
- Multiple cell formats (pouch, 18650, coin, custom).
Facilities
Representative facilities (links are placeholders; update as needed):
- Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Prototyping (CAMP) Facility.
- Electrochemical Analysis and Diagnostics Laboratory (EADL).
- Post-Test Facility; Electrochemical Discovery Laboratory (EDL).
- Materials Engineering Research Facility (MERF); ReCell Center.
- Advanced Photon Source (APS); Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM).
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF).
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Advanced operando X-ray and microscopy capabilities for solid-state and flow
battery interfaces and components.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- Electrochemical testing and analysis of solid-state cells.
- In situ/operando oxidation state and structure tracking.
- Surface and interfacial analysis in inert environments.
- Advanced electron microscopy and tomography.
Flow Battery
- In situ/operando oxidation-state tracking in flow systems.
- Electrochemical testing and analysis of flow cells.
- Anolyte/catholyte quantitative analysis.
- Current collector and separator characterization.
Equipment & Facilities
Detailed equipment lists are typically tied to specific beamlines and user
facilities; refer to Brookhaven’s battery and synchrotron program pages for
up-to-date instrumentation.
Idaho National Laboratory
Battery testing, mechanical verification, solid-state manufacturing, and multi-scale
modeling for performance and failure analysis.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- Battery testing from 0–1000 V and 0–440 kW.
- Mechanical performance verification and validation.
- Electrode and electrolyte scale-up and cell/component manufacturing.
- Electric-field sintering science and system optimization.
Flow Battery
- Membrane scale-up for flow batteries.
Crosscutting
- DFT and ReaxFF MD modeling for materials.
- Advanced electrolyte modeling (AEM) for optimization.
- Machine learning and physics-based failure mode identification.
- Material development for advanced energy storage.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Multi-axis vibration stage for mechanical characterization.
- Roll-to-roll electric-field-assisted sintering line.
- 3D printing of electrolyte materials.
- Tape casting for electrodes/electrolytes (>100 cm²).
- Gloveboxes and pouch cell scale-up capability.
- Optical and electron microscopy; positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy.
- Nano-X-ray CT and neutron CT.
Facilities
- Electrochemical Processing & Electrocatalysis Lab.
- Electric Field Assisted Sintering Facility.
- Battery Test Center, Energy Storage Materials Lab.
- Non-destructive Battery Evaluation Lab.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Computational design (Materials Project, A-Lab) plus advanced ceramics processing,
cell fabrication, and multi-scale characterization for both solid-state and flow systems.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- Computational screening (Materials Project) and autonomous synthesis (A-Lab).
- Ceramics processing, cathode design, and cell/component fabrication.
- LLZO/halide cells with thin electrolytes (<50 μm) and thick porous scaffolds.
- Broad synthesis methods, polymer composites, and electrode design.
- Battery testing and characterization (SEM, spectroscopy, XRD, thermal analyses).
Flow Battery
- Computational design and A-Lab support for electrolyte and materials discovery.
- Membrane and composite electrode fabrication and stack assembly.
- Separator/membrane particle and slurry characterization.
- Cell testing (1–50 cm², 100 fA–200 A) with UV/Vis SOC tracking.
- Multi-scale modeling of flow-by/flow-through systems.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Tape casters (bench, mini glovebox, and 1.5 m pilot lines).
- Calendering, dilatometers, slurry casting robot (with imaging).
- Slot-die coaters, furnaces, mills, presses, laser cutting.
- Vacuum infiltration, cyclers and potentiostats (EIS to 7 MHz).
- Mixers, particle size/BET, TGA/DSC, FT-IR/Raman, SEM/EDS, gloveboxes.
- XRD (capillary, hot stage) and Schlenk lines.
Crosscutting Facilities
- Advanced Light Source (ALS) – tomography, XRF, microdiffraction, soft XAS.
- Molecular Foundry – nanoscience and electron microscopy.
- FLEXLab/FLEXGRID – building/DER testbeds with storage.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Powder and ceramic processing, multi-scale modeling, and advanced manufacturing
support for solid-state batteries and related technologies.
Capabilities
Crosscutting
- Powder and ceramic processing for energy storage materials.
- Multi-scale modeling supported by high-performance computing (Livermore Computing).
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Roll-to-roll coaters in gloveboxes.
- Potentiostats with EIS; battery cyclers; environmental chambers.
- Advanced characterization (XRD, SEM/TEM, XPS to glovebox, ToF-SIMS).
Facilities
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory (AML).
- Livermore Computing (HPC clusters such as Sierra, Lassen, Corona).
- Visualization clusters and HPC tool environment.
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Flow battery testing, membrane evaluation, and air-sensitive chemistry handling,
with planned roll-to-roll capabilities.
Capabilities
Flow Battery
- Flow battery testing across aqueous and non-aqueous systems.
- Membrane/separator evaluation and failure analysis.
- Electrolyte synthesis and manufacturing.
- Expertise in air-sensitive chemistry for energy storage.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Multichannel battery cyclers and high-current (≈200 A) potentiostats.
- Multiple potentiostat/bipotentiostat systems.
- Gloveboxes for air-sensitive battery chemistries.
- Multiple test stands for both aqueous and non-aqueous flow cell testing.
Facilities
- Planned roll-to-roll casting/coating unit for membranes and electrodes.
- X-ray instruments (XRD, XRF) and optical/SEM microscopes.
- Additional characterization: contact angle, porosimetry, UV/Vis, GC-MS, LC-MS, NMR.
- Micro-CT for electrode characterization.
National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)
Electrochemical testing, multi-physics modeling, and technoeconomic analysis,
with strong experience in solid oxide systems and high-temperature processing.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- Electrochemical testing and characterization.
- Multi-scale, multiphysics electrochemical performance modeling.
- Nanoparticle synthesis and materials evolution measurement/modeling.
- Materials structure/function evaluation, including analytical microscopy and digital reconstructions.
Flow Battery
- Modeling and computational analysis, especially electrodynamics and fluid flow.
Crosscutting
- Technoeconomic analysis for advanced energy storage.
- Multiphysics electrochemical performance modeling.
- Flagship expertise in solid oxide fuel and electrolysis cells.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- System testing equipment including facility grid tie-in.
- Multichannel potentiostats and frequency response analyzers.
- Potentiostat with 100 A power booster.
- Tape caster, spin coater, screen printer, and ultrasonic spray coater.
- Sputtering and ALD chambers for thin films and powder coatings.
- High-temperature furnaces for synthesis and thermal processing.
- SEM, TEM, XPS, and XRD for materials characterization.
Facilities
- Solid oxide cell test facilities that can be repurposed for battery testing.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Advanced processing and in situ characterization for sulfide/halide/polymer
solid electrolytes and redox flow systems, plus system-level modeling and testing.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- Novel material processing for sulfide, halide, and polymer electrolytes.
- Large-area full-cell fabrication using slurry casting and device testing.
- In situ methods to study chemical and mechanical changes.
Flow Battery
- Rapid evaluation of novel electrolyte solutions.
- Design and fabrication of high-performance/low-cost RFB cells and stacks.
- Balance-of-plant design and prototype fabrication/testing.
Crosscutting
- Extensive electrochemical modeling for Li-ion, flow, and fuel cell systems.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Gloveboxes dedicated to sulfide solid electrolytes and lithium metal anodes.
- Casting and calendering equipment for solid electrolytes.
- Lithium vacuum deposition chamber; presses and custom fixtures for solid-state testing.
- Flow loops for small redox flow battery testing (aqueous and organic).
- SLA 3D printer, CNC, polishing wheel, and benchtop mills for stack prototypes.
Crosscutting Facilities
- In situ/XPS, AFM transport imaging, nano-indentation, nano-CT, X-ray absorption tools.
- High-throughput laser processing for novel 3D architectures.
- Large environmental chambers and isothermal calorimeters for thermal testing.
- Solid-state device fabrication labs and RFB testing labs.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
Manufacturing-focused solid-state and flow battery capabilities, including
roll-to-roll coating, sintering, and additive manufacturing.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- Sintering simulation and non-destructive evaluation for quality.
- Raw materials and slurry dispersion; electrode engineering.
- Polymer/ceramic membranes and composite cathodes.
- Lithium anode lamination and deposition; in situ polymerization/crosslinking.
- In situ characterization and QA; adhesion and mechanical expertise.
- High-throughput, large-scale additive manufacturing.
- Carbon fiber bundle fabrication and roll-to-roll plasma surface treatment.
Flow Battery
- Membrane, electrode, and cell testing/characterization.
- Additive manufacturing for new flow architectures.
- Carbon fiber fabrication and plasma treatment.
Crosscutting
- Roll-to-roll coating (single/double/multilayer) and electrode architecture manufacturing.
- Advanced sintering and in-operando detection during synthesis/sintering.
- Dry rooms and development of new feedstocks and processes.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Slot-die coaters, tape casting, screen printing, plasma deposition.
- Fast sintering tools, Li deposition systems, interface engineering lines.
- R2R slot-die/calendering/pressing with UV and e-beam curing.
- Pouch cell line up to ~5 Ah; XRD/XPS/FIB-SEM operando cells.
Facilities
- Battery Manufacturing Facility (BMF) and Manufacturing Demonstration Facility (MDF).
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science (CNMS).
- Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) and Carbon Fiber Technology Facility (CFTF).
- Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF).
- Energy Storage and Conversion Manufacturing & Energy Storage Groups.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
High-conductivity solid electrolytes, advanced roll-to-roll manufacturing, and
leading flow battery testbeds with integrated ML and operando tools.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- High-conductivity SSE synthesis (up to ~200 g/batch).
- Dry processing of membranes and electrodes.
- Pouch, cylindrical, and prismatic cell prototyping.
Flow Battery
- High-throughput robotic electrolyte formulation and testing.
- Flow battery testing from single cells up to ~100 kW / 400 kWh stacks.
- RFB prototyping (electrolyte production, CFD flow fields, parts manufacturing).
- ML models for RFB performance prediction.
Crosscutting
- Operando characterization tools across scales.
- ML models for molecular/electrolyte prediction and literature mining.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Advanced extrusion and roll-to-roll manufacturing tools.
- Diagnostics from materials to cell (PFIB/SEM, Cryo-TEM, Micro-CT, mechanical tests).
- Two “Big Kahuna” robotic platforms with EIS/CV/HPLC-MS for autonomous testing.
- >20 flow battery stations (up to 100 kW/400 kWh) with potentiostats and testers.
- NMR, EPR, Raman, ICP, XPS, SIMS, and other advanced characterization tools.
Facilities
- Advanced Battery Facility (pouch cell line and dry room).
- Advanced flow battery laboratories.
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL).
- Supercomputing clusters and HPC resources for ML and simulation.
Sandia National Laboratories
Comprehensive materials, electrochemical, and abuse testing capabilities for
solid-state and flow batteries, with strong modeling and analytics.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- Synthesis and characterization of inorganic, polymer, and quasi-solid SSEs.
- Evaluation across cell sizes, including ionogels and garnet/perovskite/polymer systems.
Flow Battery
- Synthesis and characterization of active species and membranes.
- Assembly and testing in static and flowing configurations.
Crosscutting
- Extensive materials and chemical characterization (SEM/TEM/AC-STEM/cryo-TEM, PFIB, AFM, XRD, GC, etc.).
- Electrochemical characterization (CV, GITT, EIS, cycling, temperature).
- Destructive physical analysis; CT scanning; lab and meso-scale testing.
- Battery integration and power electronics; thermal runaway and safety analysis tools.
- Energy storage analytics (QuESt, MDT).
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Lab-scale solid-state battery assembly and testing (air-free/dry-room).
- Hydraulic and electromechanical load frames; custom pressure testers.
- Flow battery test cells, gas analysis, and membrane conductivity tools.
- 3D printing for custom flow fields.
- Multi-channel testers, calorimeters, and advanced synthesis equipment.
Facilities
- Large DOE battery prototyping and manufacturing facility (~80k sq ft; 10k sq ft dry room).
- BATLaB abuse testing facilities, battery test facilities, and burn site.
- Energy Storage Test Pad and Battery Energy Storage Test Lab.
- Multiple power electronics labs and cycling labs.
Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL)
Crosscutting electrochemical processing and characterization tools for
electrode and materials development.
Capabilities
Crosscutting
- Electrochemical surface finishing (electroplating and electropolishing).
- Spray deposition and tape casting for porous electrode fabrication.
- Slurry preparation and post-processing for electrodes.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Multichannel potentiostats and frequency analyzers.
- Bipotentiostats and high-current potentiostats.
- Automatic ultrasonic spray coaters; speed mixers and homogenizers.
- Various mills for slurry preparation; furnaces for electrode processing.
- Laser confocal microscopes, surface area analyzers, electron microscopes.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
Large-format cell fabrication and advanced operando X-ray/synchrotron diagnostics
for solid-state and flow batteries, plus battery informatics and TEA.
Capabilities
Solid-State Battery
- Pouch-cell fabrication and electrode processing.
- Synthesis and processing of lithium-based solid electrolytes and cathodes.
- Operando and ex situ synchrotron X-ray diagnostics for large-format batteries.
- Scanning probe and cryo-electron microscopy of materials and interphases.
Flow Battery
- Accelerated testing of flow cells.
- Failure mode analysis using synchrotron imaging and spectroscopy.
Crosscutting
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and high-precision coulometry.
- Technoeconomic analysis of battery material manufacturing and LDES chemistries.
- Battery informatics lab for large-format cell testing, data ingestion, and ML analytics.
Equipment & Facilities
Key Equipment
- Large co-precipitation reactors for cathode material scale-up.
- High-temperature hot-press and sintering tools.
- ~600 battery cell cyclers and multiple environmental chambers.
- High-precision coulometry and EIS setups.
- Thin-film printing web compatible with beamlines (slot-die to blade coating).
- Single-layer laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) system for metal AM characterization.
- Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and operando IR spectroscopy setups.
Facilities
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL).
- SLAC/Stanford Cryo-EM Center (S2C2).
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS).